Absolute murders of popes.Poisons, choking, hunger death

Mord regulated

The murder committed from political motivation always violates the divine law "do not kill".But he settled so much in the repertoire of human behavior that in some cases he is gaining a moral sanction.Most often when the hand of justice deprives the life of "Tyran".As in our time, even the Libyan dictator of Col..Gaddafi's Muammara.

The annals, which for centuries have registered the antinomy of human ailments, remind that, contrary to divine law.

The capital of Piotr has often proved to be the place of sending the head of the church into the afterlife in the past: poison, dagger, and once even a hammer.Of course, not counting those unfortunates who, in the number of two dozen, died in unclear circumstances or in the same number they gave their lives for faith.

Among the latter, the Palm of priority is held by the Prince of the Apostles of the Holy.Piotr, according to the tradition crucified on the Vatican Hill, as wished his head down.His direct successors: Linus, Anaklet and Klemens, according to the times, also died at the hands of pagan Romans.Klemens in this company was particularly distinguished, because he was drowned with a cross around his neck.

He was the first to die on the path of classic political murder in 882.Jan VIII.Removed into oblivion, though distinguished for ecumenical dialogue with the Byzantine Orthodox and Slavs for us, because he was the first to allow the Slavic language to the liturgy.As if, not afraid of these merits, his relatives tried to poison him, and when the poison did not work, they helped themselves with a hammer.Effectively, because the tool has fallen deep into the brain.The scholar of the monk-chronicler from the ratzbon, preferably an informed source in Europe, the motivation of papal relatives explained them with their greedy: jumping to the papal treasury and throne.

Foto:© Creative CommonsKról Franków Zachodnich Ludwik II Jąkała (z prawej) przyjmuje papieża Jana VIII

A violent death as if she liked Jan VIII's namesakes.Popes Jan X and Jan XI were imprisoned, respectively in the years 928 and 935.

The former Maroz Lover joined the conspiracy against Jan X, a strangled pillow.Two decades later, John XII (955-964), chosen as a teenager pimple, pontifined the pontificate point to their interests: splendor, incest, gambling and adultery.For exceptional activity in these fields and for "drinking for Satan's health" he was made of the throne (963).A year later, when he practiced a scout with one nobleman in an alcove, sinning against the commandment "do not desire his wife's wife", he caught his husband-rogacz and snowed on the spot.

Szymik: będę przed sądem walczył z diecezją o sprawiedliwość

Ceiling for the head

As if some fate was consistent with the evangelical name, Jan XIV died of hunger in dungeon (984), and Jan XVI was deprived of the throne and blinded (998).In this company, only John XXI could talk about happiness, because he avoided assassination and died when the ceiling collapsed on his head.

In addition to John XII, also Leon III, inconspicuous, simple and modest origin (his career in the Vatican began by guarding the liturgical robes in the Basilica in Lateran), he would take place on the podium among those popes who were tamers of female hearts.It was in retaliation for the bachelor's exploits of the married women who caught Leon's supporters of his predecessor on the Piotrowy Throne, threw off the horse during the procession in 799.and cut them to the monastery dungeon.There they blinded him and broke his tongue.The Pope showed a lot of courage, because in the winter through the Alpine Passes, he fled to the King of Franks Charlemagne, under whose protection he lived to see his days.

Stefan VI experienced less happiness, who decided to hit the supporters of his predecessor Formozus, accelerating after his death a court of God.He ordered to pull the dead man out of the grave, dress in pontifical robes and put on the bench of the accused.In the gruesome process, he proved the truple of guilt and sentenced to death by drowning in Tibra.Earlier, he ordered the śp to be chosen.To the Holy Father the head and fingers of the right hand, which he blessed the faithful..

The obsession of retaliation at Formozus turned against Stefan when the wind of moods in Rome changed direction.Proponents of Formozus hailed him with a martyr, and Stefan put into a dungeon, where he was poisoned in 897.The fate of Leon VI, which fell from the poison, was identically completed in the seventh month of the pontificate.

Lucius II closes the list of murders on the Popes of the Deep Middle Ages.Died in 1145.Like a biblical Szczepan from a stone hit.Only that he was thrown at him by supporters of secular power in Rome, when during the civil war in the Eternal City Stefan, he stormed the Capitoline Hill, the seat of the Senate.

Foto: Materiały prasoweProf. Arkadiusz Stempin wydał właśnie książkę "Większe zło. Polityczne zabójstwa, krwawe zamachy, kościelne spiski"

Two popes from the late Middle Ages, strongly conflicted with prominent opponents, left the arena of history violent.In both cases, however, Klemens V and Aleksander VI - historians are hardly in the judgments of fate.

"Pope Klemens (...), King Filip, before the year passes, I appoint you to the Court of God for a fair punishment.Cursed!Cursed!All cursed after the thirteenth generation of your family, "he managed to speak in a barely heard voice, reaching the seventy Grand Master of the Templar Jakub de Molay, when the flames on the stake embraced his body.Faithful, though delicious son of the Church, the godfather of the daughter of the French King Filip the Beautiful, divided the fate of heretics, witches and mystical sectaries, all tilting the gate from pouring into the holy doctrine of the Church of dangerous ideas.

Bezwzględne morderstwa papieży. Trucizny, duszenie, śmierć głodowa

What heresy did the Knights Templar fall?Even during the pontificate of John Paul II.Parchment from Chinon.He contained a protocol of auditions.The protocol shows that the allegations of heresy delegates of the Pope sent out of the finger.

So what did the brothers in habits with a red cross on the coats exposed?Gathered the greatest treasures in Europe and created the autonomous enclave of power, salt in the pope's eye and the chronically suffering from the lack of money of the king.A sudden attack, similar to the tiger jump, Filip in one night arrested all the Templars.And confiscated their property.

This step justified them with alleged heretical practices.The dark list included the cult of the devil, homosexuality, sodomy "trampling the cross, spitting it three times, urination", and folding the "somotal kiss - in the mouth, penis and buttocks".Filip, the most powerful ruler of Europe, forced the Pope Sending in his pocket Klemens V permission to the trial.During the interrogations with standard torture, breaking nails, putting feet in the fire, screwing the screws into the fingers, he brought away from the Templars..

According to the curse cast by the Grand Master, Pope Clement V found himself after a month with a small compress, and King Philip, although in the prime of age, perfectly within a year.Not only that, the fate of the king's descendants up to the 13th generation, it came true 14 years after his death, when the reign from 978.The Bettyngian dynasty has expired, despite the fact that Filip beautiful left as many as four sons.However, they were poisoned before they burned the male offspring.Historians, however, the death of Clement V, however, matter -of -factly on the dyzenteri (colorectal cancer), and King Filip IV, variantly - blood stroke to the brain, or falling on the hunt.

Papal godfather

In turn, Aleksander VI Borgia, a model of the mafia godfather, endowed with insatiable appetite for women, he realized a crazy plan: he transformed the church state into the hereditary monarchy of the Borgia.To this end, he first made a pact with the devil - the contemporaries got into all sanctity that they saw him, as he with two demons he was confirmed by the main altar of the Roman basilica Santa Maria Maggiore.Then, in a real dimension, a gangster syndicate founded to the company with his son Caesar Aleksander.After each night, the corpse of cardinals, prelates or barons was fished out of the Tiber.With other enemies of the paternal -Synów duo, he equalized the accounts according to the specialty of the house - poison in wine or in sweets.Did Aleksander die from the weapon he fought?Not excluded, because within two weeks he turned into a dead man into the dead man.And nothing announced such a misfortune.Well, maybe except for one event, when the owl flew through the window to the papal apartments and fell without life.What Aleksander considered a bad omen.

According to the most common version, Aleksander and Caesar wanted to poison the fabulously rich cardinal Adriano Castellesi, who on one of the August days 1502.He took them in a suburban winery.At some point, however, they lost their insight, which cup belonged to whom.But why has it passed from drinking a drink until a deadly disease?"Well, the Borgies not only knew how to prepare a poison unknown to the rest of the world, but they could give it so that it worked immediately or with a delay of several weeks".

Before Aleksandra was buried, exposed to a catafalk in the Basilica of St..Piotr's body, as if as proof of poisoning, swelled, and the face was becoming more clear, until she gained "black fabric.The face and nose switched.The lips were wide open.The language that doubled its volume filled it all, "the eyewitness recorded.Two shoulder gravediggers had to stuff them in the casket, crushing the tiara.All legends about the pacts with the devil Alexander seemed to confirm in this view.The further course of events desired by Borgia's enemies would also speak for poisoning.Their empire fell like a house of cards.As if, sensing this collapse, watching at the dying pope, serving his apartments from valuables, even took the papal throne, disappearing among the dark streets of Rome.Historians, however, point to a more trivial reason for the departure to the Creator, to whom Aleksander served so badly for 11 years of the pontificate - transferred at the peak of summer by mosquitoes from the Tiber Valley to the city of Malaria.

Between Klemens V and Aleksander VI, one more pope ended his life in highly suspicious circumstances - after the two melons.Paul II consumed them for dinner, after which he talked to the architect who was to move the Vatican obelisk where he was standing today, i.e. to the square in front of the Basilica.Piotr.Immediately afterwards, the pontyfex went to rest.In the morning he was found dead in bed.Which did not worry about anyone.Only the pope was mocked that he left without the last anointing and communion, which fueled only rumors about the murder.The wide front of reluctance, the rewind of juices, drew from incredible pride and haughtyness shown by the Pope.In addition to the repulsive personality, Paul II alienated exceptional inaction.He didn't even nod his finger to assemble the anti -Turkish league again, which his predecessor was sweating.

Flirt Pius XI with Mussolini

In closer times, suspicion of removing the pope on the path of assassination of pregnancy on the person of Pius XI (1922-1939).Achille Ratti, a choleric with an unpaid language before he sat on the Peter Throne as a biblicalist (from profession), and the mountaineer (by passion), managed only the Vatican Library.In 1918, an intellectual was sent as a nuncio to Poland.When in 1920.Bolshevik storm was approaching, Ratti was the only foreign diplomat remained in Warsaw."Come back to Rome immediately", Pope Benedict XV has been broken, "I need good diplomats, not martyrs".

The bookwoman drew conclusions.When he became the pope himself, he initiated negotiations with Lenin, dreaming of the great mission of Russia.And the Lateran Treaties with Mussolini buried the ax with Italy.In a gesture of reconciliation, he opened the gate of Lateran Palace, laid in a deafness for six decades.For its part, Pius XI recognized the Italian state with the capital in Rome.For its predecessors, how to put a hoof by Satan into the church porch.After all, only 60 years earlier, the Italian army won Rome.King Viktor Emanuel put an end to a thousand -year -old papal state and incorporated them into Italy.Instead, the pope at the time (also Pius, but IX, not XI) excommunicated the monarch.

He did not care too much, and he made the day of the Roman triumph a national holiday.For six decades of this day, the Italian patriots celebrated, while funeral masses were celebrated in the Vatican.But thanks to the epoch-making settlement with the Italian state, Pope Ratti and his successors became the rulers of the mini-pad-sufficient to the pope only to be able to bury their corpses-recycled Benito Mussolini, anti-clergy to the bone.

The dictator, however, added two further benefits to the contractor in the package: he was Catholicism to the rank of state religion in Italy, and the Vatican transferred a sum of 750 million lyrics and Italian bonds worth a billion lire.The money was to compensate for the great territorial losses of the Holy See.The former church state occupied a quarter of the Apennine Peninsula, and the Vatican area, now awarded in the treaties, did not exceed the size of six football fields.Although in return the Vatican obtained the status of a separate state, even with the right to issue its own license plates "CSV".A pretext for malicious people who explained "Se Cristo Vedesse" (if Christ saw it).To commemorate on February 11, the Vatican established a day with a national festival, which is still valid today.

The community of the interest of Pius XI and Mussolini consisted in the community of values.They both despised democracy.In a world full of Zionists, Masons, Bolsheviks and Mussolini socialists, a drug intoxicated with the drug, he dreamed of a fascist empire, a pope about a religious state.Even before the Treaties were concluded, a clerical-fascist mix was created in Italy.For numerous privileges for Catholicism: financing of the clergy, religion in schools, bans for women wearing short skirts, neckline, backless dresses, reading frivolous books and watching Hollywood films Mussolini demanded a high price: Pius XI had to strengthen his fascist regime with his authority.

Therefore, the Pope incapacitated the Catholic party and the mass movement of the layman Catholic action so that they would not throw logs at the feet of the dictator in arranging Italy in fascist fashion.The matter of the women's wardrobe has grown to the fitting alliance.The Vatican persistently demanded from Mussolini a ban on the participation of girls in gymnastic competitions and the performance of half -naked dancers in Burleska.Dictator, privately libertine, without murmuring fulfilled papal whims.However, which was thrown out through the holy door, it returned trivially through the window.And so the cinema owners, to lure the audience, let undressed girls into the stage during breaks.

But the alliance finally fell apart.Mussolini, an uneducated, void anti -clerical with an extensive ego, did not jump over his own shadow.He pounded in a Catholic action like a drum.This, on the other hand, in the head of Pius XI, was to become a spite of re -Christianization of Italy.Duce fighters attacked the Catholic Action offices, not denying the pleasure of trampling papal portraits.

Even more Pius XI and Mussolini divided the Jewish issue.The dictator, succumbing to animal racism, and at the instigation of his intermediary to the Pope, Jesuit Ventruri, who fed him with the visions of the Jewish conspiracy, dug among himself and Rattim the abyss.The Pope represented the classic theological anti -Judaism, not lined with racial anti -Semitism.When Duce forcibly solved Catholic youth and racial laws annulled the marriages between Catholics and Jewish converts, Pius XI looked at her eyes.

After his intervention, Mussolini fell into hysteria: "The Vatican mummies lost their insight", he screamed in his office.Touched by heart disease and diabetes, 81-year-old Pius XI, he obliged the young Jesuit from the USA John La Farge to be behind the back of the curia, he wrote the encyclical stigmatizing racism.In the immediate vicinity of the Pope, it was even expected that Ratti would break their relations with Italy Mussolini.As at the day of the encyclical announcement, it was appointed on February 11, 1939., round, 10th anniversary of the treaties.

The day before, the Pope died of a heart attack, combined with bronchial and lung ham.Successor, Pius XII, he hid the text deep in the drawer.And he did not pull him out to the end of his pontificate.Was the death of Pius XI a coincidence?In 1970.There were rumors that the pope was poisoned at the request of a dictator who wanted to prevent papal speech.Speculation is fueled by a bizarre circumstance: on the night preceding the death of the Holy Father was supervised by a doctor Francesco Petacci, the father of the green -eyed Mussolini lover with curly hair, which she was winding on rollers every day.

(SP)