A man on Mars, is our future space?

The estimated cost is about $ 500 billion, although the actual costs will probably be higher.Starting from the late 1950s, the early phase of space exploration was conducted both for political purposes and to observe the Solar System.Critics argue that huge costs prevail over the immediate benefits of establishing man's presence on Mars, and funds could be better directed to other programs, such as the exploration of robots.Supporters of the exploration of the cosmos by man say that the symbolism of presencein space can arouseinterestin public opinion to joining the project andinitiate global cooperation.There are also opinions that long -terminvestments for space travel are necessary to survive humanity.

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in Austin, Wallace T.Fowler.

NASA spent on reaching the moonin the sixties and seventies of the twentieth century about $ 283 billion (takinginto accountinflation), during this period she employed over a quarter of a million employees.Currently, this global center ofinnovation and technology is heading towards Mars, the goal is to land a manned mission therein 2030, with estimated costs OK.$ 500 billion.

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Only six government space agencies:* Chinese National Space Administration (CNSA),* European Space Agency (ESA),* Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO),* Japanese Space Research Agency (JAXA),* National Aeronautics and Space Agency (NASA),* Russian Federal Space Agency (RFSA or ROSCOSMOS) - have full ability to launchincluding the possibility of launching and playing many satellites, laying down cryogenic missile engines and service of space probes.

There are 10 NASA off -road centersin the USA, a space flight center named after Lyndon B.Johnson (Johnson Space Center, JSC) - the center of manned space flights is locatedin the Clear Lake Cityin the suburbs of Houston (Texas).The JSC has a mission control center, i.e..NASA Agency Control Center - coordinating and monitoring all manned space flights of the United States.NASA astronauts trainings are also conducted here (e.g..: crews of the International Space Station).The JSC also has the Lunar Receiving Laboratory rooms, where the first astronauts returning from the moon passed quarantine and where the samples of soil and moon rocks are stored.

Meeting with the futurein NASA

A visit to JSC is a treat for everyoneinterestedin the latest technologies, knowledge and space.A ride on the F1 racing car track, with cosmic attractions of the basein Houston, seems to be a boring old bike.Sitting at the controls of the space ferry, flight simulators,in a capsule,in which astronauts return to our planet, touching rocket engines (flying at the speed of Pond 28.000 km/h, which each nozzle has a few metersin diameter) or visiting, a space station can be aware of many new aspects that only had an abstract dimension.Oh, this is only a small part of the work areas of NASA professionals, which we can get to know up close.This experience permanently changes the perspective of the perception of astronautics.I have never been so close to "space" and selling the era of technology before.Astronauts from missionsin space, first here they undergo several months of training cyclesin conditions, as close as possible to what they experiencein missions.This is an extremely challenge for technology, but also the human psyche and physical performance.The space elite are experts selected from among the best experienced military pilots.Currently, 48 active astronauts are usedin NASA - 16 women and 32 men.According to the US government wage tablein 2020.A civil astronaut can earn from $ 66,167 to 161,141 USD per year.

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In turn, Boeingin cooperation with Bigelow Aerospace, conducts research there to the second testin the unmanned Aerial Flight of the Starliner space ship before sending astronauts to aninternational space station as part of the NASA program of the Commercial Crew Development (CCD-EV) program announced by NASA..Starliner is a manned spacecraft, its basic task will be transporting crews to the International Space Station (ISS) and to a private orbital station designed by Bigelow Aerospace.In this way, the agency wants to save money thanks to the Commercial Crew program.According to NASA, sending astronauts on the ISS on board Spacex Crew Dragon or Boeing CST-100 Starliner will cost only $ 58 million per place.Until now, NASA has determined the cost of sending astronauts to aninternational space station aboard the Russian Soyuz rocket for $ 81 million per place.Before withdrawing the Space Shuttle NASA program, she said that each mission of launching a spacecraft costs an average of $ 450 million.

"Houston, we have a problem"

"Houston, we have a problem" this popular quote from radio communication between the astronaut Apollo 13 John ("Jack") Swigert and the NASA mission control center ("Houston") during the Apollo 13 space flight, when astronautsinformed about the discovery of an explosion that damaged their shipSpace, every American knows.July 20, 1969.The eyes of the whole world were directed at Houston.Neil Armstrong reported from the surface of the moon: "Houston, the eagle landed".

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A few hours later, Armstrong went down the ladder of the lunar module and as the first manin history put his foot on the moon, announcing: "This is a small step for man, but a great jump for humanity".

It is also worth recalling that Neil Armstrong took the recorder to the moon, which revolutionized world cinematography and media.Its creator was the Polish emigrantinż.Stefan Kudelski.

Race to the future

The heritage of the Cold War and the early Space Race is not only global tensions and conflicts: they also resultedin the birth of a modern technological era.The cold war, which took place after the Second World War, when the United States and the Soviet Union fought for global domination, changed the world forever, and technologies from the space race still affect our everyday life.This race began for goodin the 1950s, when both camps feverishly developed nuclear weapons andintercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBM) to carry them.The resulting progressin rocket technology enabled the early exploration of the cosmos, leading to the successful lap by the Soviet Union of the first artificial satellitein 1957 and the placement of the first manin orbitin 1961.Neil Alden Armstrong - American astronaut, commander of the Apollo 11 missionin 1969, the first man stood on the moon.

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Today, the Earth is surrounded by a vast satellite network that ensure continuous broadband connectivity and high resolution television, data used for weather reporting, navigation, positioning, etc..We also maintain a permanent presence of peoplein space aboard theinternational space station (ISS).The owners of this station are the United States, Russia, European Partner, Japan and Canada.European countries are treated as one homogeneous whole, called a European partner at a space station.So far, 240 people have 395 space flights to ISS,including five people currently staying (Expedition 63).According to experts, fifty is an optimal age for astronauts to participatein missions;They must be people with both extensive experience and characterized by a good psychophysical condition.ISS missions, called expeditions, usually last about six months.Professional crews of astronauts come from the USA, Russia, Japan, Canada and Europe.The total flight time from the start to docking to the ISS is three hours and 19 minutes.The station is located at an orbit height about 400 km above the earth's surface.The speed at which the station movesin orbit is about 28,800 km/h.The facility extends at about 50 meters, if we measure the size of the modules it consists of, while the whole structure is over 100 meters, and solar batteries panels additionally extend to about 70 meters.Compare its total dimensions more or less to the football field.

"The breakthrough that we need to become a civilization travelinginto space is to make space travel similar to air travel.In the case of air travel, the same plane is used many times " - Elon Musk

Człowiek na Marsie, czy nasza przyszłość to kosmos?

Photo.Adam Białas

From 1981 to 2011.As part of the STS (Space Transportation System) program, Americans used space pendulums to take out objects and send astronauts.Experts point out that the cost of their service was huge;They were also not considered too safe - two of them (Challengerin 1986.and Columbiain 2003.) exploded with the crew.The replacement of the station crew members was carried out at that time only using Russian Soyuz from Bajkonurin Kazakhstan.The crewed flight program with the use of pendulums was completedin 2011 and since then NASA has been deprived of its own means of transport of astronauts and supplies on ISS.On September b.r.The first of six contracted missions under the ISS Crew Transportation Services program is planned, it will be the first crew flight to the USinternational space station (ISS) from the USA for almost 10 years.Made by the company of the well -known billionaire Elon Musk Spacexna NASA, driven by a mixture of liquid oxygen and kerosene, Falcon 9 rocket, the vehicle produced by a private company will erect astronauts for the first time..Elon Musk is the president, founder,inventor of such companies as: SpaceX, Tesla, SolarCity, Starlink, The Boring Company, Hyperloop, OpenAI and Future of Life Institute.Musk, valued at nearly $ 94 billion, has alreadyinvested over a billion dollarsin reusable rockets.

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How did cosmic technologies change our world?

Our clothes orinteriors of vehicles are made of fireproof fabrics thanks to the Apollo program.Weather forecasts using satellite monitoring, many medical discoveries or more nutritious foods forinfants ... Almost every area of technology has benefited from space research.Modern laptops are direct descendants of the SHUTTLE portable on -board computer (SPOC), which was developedin the early 1980s.The 20th century for the space ferries program.Limb prostheses have improved significantly due to the use of advanced cushioning materials and robotics.For over half a century, the NASA technology transfer program has been providing a privateindustry with its huge resources to support commercial development and improving products.

Until now, NASA claims that about 2,000 commercial "spin off" products have been successfully developedin many areas.Here are some other examples of "spin-off" technology, resulting from the research and development of the cosmos, which we currently usein everyday life: GPS creators probably did not predict how this technology will change almost everyindustry, as well as everyday life on a global scale.Global Positioning System (GPS) was originally developed by the army for precise navigation and managing the goals of weapons.The use of maps and tourist atlases and even stopping to ask for the road are currently largely anachronism.GPS enabled services to call, as well as tracking and delivery of packages.Improved our condition by following our trainings.Improved our safety, quickly providing our locationin emergency situations.GPS will be availablein the future to facilitate emerging technologies, such as self -propelled cars and shipments with drones.

Infraredin -ear thermometers - developed by NASA - measure the amount of energy emitted by the drum membranein the same way as the temperature of stars and planets is measured, usinginfrared astronomical technology.Space exploration missions depend on the technology of digital image processing developed by the jet drive laboratory.JPL has adapted this technology to help create modern CAT scanners and radiography.Consumer products such as wireless headphone sets, LED lighting, portable wireless vacuum cleaners, freeze -dried food, memory with memory, scratch -resistant eyeglass lenses and many other known products, all used research and development of space technology.

The space race technology has also been used to directly improve public safety and reduce the risk of accidents andinjuries.On winter days, anti -profile systems allow aircraft to fly safely.Right, which wasinitially used to reduce air accidents on wet start lanes, is currently also used on our roads to prevent car accidents.Smoke and carbon monoxide detectors were first developed for NASA Skylabin the 70s.Modern fire equipment widely usedin the United States is based on light fireproof materials developed by NASA.One of the most important "spin-off" technologies concerns food safety.NASA faced the problem of feeding astronautsin closed environmentsin conditions of weightlessness.The research wasinfluenced by the way of storing generally available food products today.

Ticket for $ 60 million ...

Space travels are the domain of the privateindustry today, several companies are successfully workingin this area.The ticket price depends on where we are going.NASA confirmed that tourists will be able to visit the station for $ 35,000 per night again,in addition to all SpaceX or Boeing fees for their transport, which will probably amount to about $ 60 million.

In 2001, the New York businessman Dennis Tito allegedly paid $ 20 million for launching a Russian rocket with two cosmonauts and spending about eight daysin the earth orbit, on board aninternational space station.Six other tourists paid Russia for bringing them to ISS before the program was canceledin 2010.Due to theincreased number of staff at the station.For would -be space tourists with a limited budget, Virgin Galactic successfully offered the first round of tickets to the edge of the cosmos, unfortunately further technical problems still stop this project.Investors will believein a space tour of the business when the Virgin space ship successfully conducts the first commercial flight and safely brings customers to the ground (which is to take place according to the announcementin the first quarter of 2021).Richard Branson himself is to participatein one of the first flights, which is to cause the effect of trustin the service.There are already 600 volunteersin the queue, who paid advances for tickets costing USD 250,000.Japanese billionaire Yusaku Maezawa has already been chosen by SpaceX as the first tourist who will fly to the moon.The price was not disclosedin public, but the general director Elon Musk said that a "significant deposit" was paid for the journey..Blue Origin Jeff Bezos does not disclose the amounts to which space tourists will be charged, but the company allows allinterested parties to register, providinginformation about the prices and details of their offers.A flightinto space is also by far the largest reward that has been founded so far on a television program (new reality show Space Hero).Space Hero Inc, an American production company secured a place for a mission for aninternational space stationin 2023.It will go to the winner of the reality show.A selected group of competitors will undergointensive training and face the challenges checking their physical, mental and emotional strength, features that are necessary for astronautin space.The price for sending a loadinto space may vary depending on what we import.SpaceX offers load capacity up to 830 kilograms, for $ 4.15 million.For larger loads, United Launch Alliance offers transport up to 18.937 kg on board one of their Atlas V rockets, whose prices start from $ 109 million.

Soon Polsa will open the Space Centerin Warsaw

Polsa participatesin achieving strategic goals for us, supporting the use of satellite systems and the development of space technologies.In September this year.In Warsaw, the president of the Polish Space Agency (Polsa) Michał Szaniawski and Jerzy Brodzikowski, General Manager Cambridge Innovation Center (CIC) Warsaw signed a contract regarding the creation of Cosmic Hub.It will be a common spacein the center of Warsaw,in whichinnovators will be able to meet, share knowledge, take partin workshops and take advantage of the knowledge and contacts of representatives of the Polish Space Agency.In 2030, the Polish space sector will be fully competitivein selected areasin the global dimension and will be able to provide Poland withindependencein access to satellite data andin their application.

Cosmic educational challenge...

Studiesin the field of aviation law are very popular on the part of students.They constitute a response to the filling of the educational gapin the field of education related to changesin the field of: technological development related to the widespread use of new aircraft structures and traffic management systemsin the airspace, standardization of regulations, principles and proceduresininternational, structural and functionalintegration of air supervision, andAir accidents research.In turn, the areas of space law are mainly associated with the provisions ofinternational law (as well as nationalindividual countries) and other principles and declarations related to activitiesin space.International agreements arising under the auspices of the United Nations (UN), as well as resolutions of the UN General Assembly regulate issues regarding M.in.: zasad prawnych rządzących działalnością państw w zakresie badania i wykorzystywania przestrzeni kosmicznej; ratowania kosmonautów, powrocie kosmonautów i zwrocie obiektów wypuszczonych w przestrzeń kosmiczną; międzynarodowej odpowiedzialności za szkody wyrządzone przez obiekty kosmiczne; rejestracji obiektów wypuszczonych w przestrzeń kosmiczną; przekazywaniu i wykorzystywaniu danych ze zdalnego badania Ziemi z kosmosu; działalności państw w zakresie badań i użytkowania przestrzeni kosmicznej łącznie z Księżycem iinnymi ciałami niebieskimi; oraz działalność państw na Księżycu iinnych ciałach niebieskich. Ponadto, w związku z pierwszymi testami i planowanym dalszym rozwojem lotów suborbitalnych, obszarem badań jest również prawo transportu kosmicznego i zarządzania ruchem w przestrzeni kosmicznej –informuje dyrektor Instytutu prawa lotniczego i kosmicznego z Uczelni Łazarskiego prof.Anna Konert.From the dawn of the history of humanity, man has sought to develop and discover new spaces.Nicolaus Copernicus "stopped the sun, moved the earth" in his work "with the turnover of the heavenly spheres", which these times (1543) constituted a coup in science and the then worldview.Two and a half decades of observations made with several flagship telescopes, confirmed the effects provided by the general theory of Einstein's relativity to the star movement of the star passing through the extreme gravitational field near the super massive black hole in the center of the Milky Way.The development of humanity presented in the plot straight from scientific fantasy, over time becomes our reality.Exposing subsequent planets is only a matter of time.The NASA center in Houston today gives us a substitute for what will become everyday life for future generations.

Autor:Adam Białas, ekspert rynku, dziennikarz biznesowy, dyr.Core PR

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